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	<title>Blog@Linux/Unix技术交流┊19558533</title>
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		<title>[Varnish权威指南中文版]指定下载</title>
		<link>http://linux.mike.org.cn/2010/09/varnish-authoritative-guide-to-the-chinese-version-to-specify-the-download/</link>
		<comments>http://linux.mike.org.cn/2010/09/varnish-authoritative-guide-to-the-chinese-version-to-specify-the-download/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 02 Sep 2010 03:25:42 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>[ISADBA]FH.CN</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[应用部署]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[推荐教程]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[　　[Varnish权威指南中文版]Beta-1.0版本终于发布了！ 　　[Varnish权威指南中文版]由群里的FH.CN同学经过快三个月的翻译和校对完成的，在此感谢FH.CN同学无私奉献的精神。 　　如果大家发现的错误，可在这里或者[Varnish权威指南(中文)]中留言，FH.CN同学会整理大家发现的错误和建议，发布Release版本，让Varnish为更多的IT人服务。 　　下载：猛击这里<table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>　　[Varnish权威指南中文版]Beta-1.0版本终于发布了！</p>
<p>　　[Varnish权威指南中文版]由群里的FH.CN同学经过快三个月的翻译和校对完成的，在此感谢FH.CN同学无私奉献的精神。</p>
<p>　　如果大家发现的错误，可在这里或者[<a href="http://linuxguest.blog.51cto.com/195664/354889" target="_blank">Varnish权威指南(中文)</a>]中留言，FH.CN同学会整理大家发现的错误和建议，发布Release版本，让Varnish为更多的IT人服务。</p>
<p>　　下载：<a href="http://linuxguest.blog.51cto.com/attachment/201009/195664_1283393297.pdf" target="_blank">猛击这里</a></p>
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		<title>centos 内核升级到2.6.35碰到的问题</title>
		<link>http://linux.mike.org.cn/2010/08/centos-kernel-upgrade-to-2-6-35-problems-encountered/</link>
		<comments>http://linux.mike.org.cn/2010/08/centos-kernel-upgrade-to-2-6-35-problems-encountered/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 16 Aug 2010 17:30:25 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>easylife</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[系统管理]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[内核]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[朋友更新内核出了点问题，帮忙看了一下，报错信息大致如下： ?View Code BASH1 2 3 4 5 6 Volume group “VolGroup00″ not found Unalbe to access resume device &#40;/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00&#41; mount: could not find filesystem ‘/dev/root’ setuproot:moving /dev failed: No such file or directory setuproot:error mounting /proc: No such file or directory setuproot:error mounting /sys: No such file or directory 起初以为是内核里的LVM模块或者是文件系统的问题，但是检查之后发现相关选项都已经选上了，思路到这里就断了，然后G了一把，发现网上碰到这类问题的人也有些，解决方法也很简单，只要在.config里加入以下两个配置段即可： ?View Code BASH1 2 [...]<table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>朋友更新内核出了点问题，帮忙看了一下，报错信息大致如下：</p>

<div class="wp_codebox_msgheader"><span class="right"><sup><a href="http://www.ericbess.com/ericblog/2008/03/03/wp-codebox/#examples" target="_blank" title="WP-CodeBox HowTo?"><span style="color: #99cc00">?</span></a></sup></span><span class="left"><a href="javascript:;" onclick="javascript:showCodeTxt('p286code3'); return false;">View Code</a> BASH</span><div class="codebox_clear"></div></div><div class="wp_codebox"><table><tr id="p2863"><td class="line_numbers"><pre>1
2
3
4
5
6
</pre></td><td class="code" id="p286code3"><pre class="bash" style="font-family:monospace;">Volume group “VolGroup00″ not found
Unalbe to access resume device <span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>dev<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>VolGroup00<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>LogVol00<span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#41;</span>
<span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">mount</span>: could not <span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">find</span> filesystem ‘<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>dev<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>root’
setuproot:moving <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>dev failed: No such <span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">file</span> or directory
setuproot:error mounting <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>proc: No such <span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">file</span> or directory
setuproot:error mounting <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>sys: No such <span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">file</span> or directory</pre></td></tr></table></div>

<p>起初以为是内核里的LVM模块或者是文件系统的问题，但是检查之后发现相关选项都已经选上了，思路到这里就断了，然后G了一把，发现网上碰到这类问题的人也有些，解决方法也很简单，只要在.config里加入以下两个配置段即可：</p>

<div class="wp_codebox_msgheader"><span class="right"><sup><a href="http://www.ericbess.com/ericblog/2008/03/03/wp-codebox/#examples" target="_blank" title="WP-CodeBox HowTo?"><span style="color: #99cc00">?</span></a></sup></span><span class="left"><a href="javascript:;" onclick="javascript:showCodeTxt('p286code4'); return false;">View Code</a> BASH</span><div class="codebox_clear"></div></div><div class="wp_codebox"><table><tr id="p2864"><td class="line_numbers"><pre>1
2
</pre></td><td class="code" id="p286code4"><pre class="bash" style="font-family:monospace;"><span style="color: #007800;">CONFIG_SYSFS_DEPRECATED</span>=y
<span style="color: #007800;">CONFIG_SYSFS_DEPRECATED_V2</span>=y</pre></td></tr></table></div>

<p>感觉出现问题的主要原因还是新老内核在sysfs上的不一致产生的</p>
<p>Author:蜗牛</p>
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			<wfw:commentRss>http://linux.mike.org.cn/2010/08/centos-kernel-upgrade-to-2-6-35-problems-encountered/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>4</slash:comments>
		</item>
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		<title>sasl问题解惑</title>
		<link>http://linux.mike.org.cn/2010/08/sasl-problem-faq/</link>
		<comments>http://linux.mike.org.cn/2010/08/sasl-problem-faq/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 09 Aug 2010 14:05:51 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>easylife</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[安全相关]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[虚拟技术]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[postfix]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[sasl]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://linux.mike.org.cn/?p=263</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[　　最近在学习如何用Postfix搭建Mail Server，之前有看过网上一些相关的文章大致分为两种方法实现：一种是Postfix+Cyrus SASL+Courier-IMAP，一种是Postfix+Dovecot。开始的理解一直认为实现SMTP认证就一定要用到Cyrus SASL这个套件，但在网上一些Postfix+Dovecot文档中并没有用到Cyrus SASL这个套件，一直很疑惑这种方案是如何实现SMTP认证的？今天在仔细研究Postfix的main.cf配置文件时，终于把这个问题的搞清楚了。 　　这是Postfix+Dovecot方案中Sasl配置的其中两项，从这两项中很明显能看出它定义的sasl就是用dovecot来验证 smtpd_sasl_type = dovecot smtpd_sasl_path = /var/run/dovecot/auth-client 　　发现这一点时，GOOGLE到如下两段描述： SASL stands for &#8220;Simple Authentication and Security Layer&#8221;. SASL itself is nothing more than a list of requirements for authentication mechanisms and protocols to be SASL-compatible as described in RFC 4422. IMAP, POP3 and SMTP protocols all have support for SASL. Many [...]<table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>　　最近在学习如何用Postfix搭建Mail Server，之前有看过网上一些相关的文章大致分为两种方法实现：一种是Postfix+Cyrus SASL+Courier-IMAP，一种是Postfix+Dovecot。开始的理解一直认为实现SMTP认证就一定要用到Cyrus SASL这个套件，但在网上一些Postfix+Dovecot文档中并没有用到Cyrus SASL这个套件，一直很疑惑这种方案是如何实现SMTP认证的？今天在仔细研究Postfix的main.cf配置文件时，终于把这个问题的搞清楚了。</p>
<p>　　这是Postfix+Dovecot方案中Sasl配置的其中两项，从这两项中很明显能看出它定义的sasl就是用dovecot来验证<span id="more-263"></span></p>
<div style="text-align: left; background-color: #f9fbfc; margin: 0px 0px 5px; width: auto; height: auto; overflow: auto; border: #c3ced9 1px solid;">smtpd_sasl_type = dovecot<br />
smtpd_sasl_path = /var/run/dovecot/auth-client</div>
<p>　　发现这一点时，GOOGLE到如下两段描述：</p>
<div style="text-align: left; background-color: #f9fbfc; margin: 0px 0px 5px; width: auto; height: auto; overflow: auto; border: #c3ced9 1px solid;">
<p>SASL stands for &#8220;Simple Authentication and Security Layer&#8221;. SASL itself is nothing more than a list of requirements for authentication mechanisms and protocols to be SASL-compatible as described in RFC 4422. IMAP, POP3 and SMTP protocols all have support for SASL.</p>
<p>Many people confuse SASL with one specific SASL implementation: the Cyrus SASL library. Dovecot has its own SASL implementation which may at some point be separated from Dovecot itself to &#8220;compete&#8221; against Cyrus SASL library in server side.</p>
<p>Dovecot SASL can already be used with:</p>
<p>Postfix v2.3 and later. See HowTo/PostfixAndDovecotSASL for details.<br />
Exim v4.64 and later. See HowTo/EximAndDovecotSASL for details.</p>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left; background-color: #f9fbfc; margin: 0px 0px 5px; width: auto; height: auto; overflow: auto; border: #c3ced9 1px solid;">
<p>SASL (Simple Authentication Security Layer) is an Internet standards-track method for remote computers to authenticate. The Cyrus SASL library makes supporting various SASL mechanisms easy for both client and server writers.</p>
<p>The Cyrus project is the implementation of an enterprise mail system by the Carnegie Mellon University Computing Services Department. We are interested in scalable, easy to administer systems.</p>
</div>
<p>　　从上面的描述中能很清楚的看出，SASL其实是一个定义，且全称是&#8221;Simple Authentication and Security Layer&#8221;，而Cyrus SASL是SASL的一种具体实现的套件，而不是开始理解混淆的SASL就是实现SMTP验证的一个套件。Postfix+Dovecot方案中之所以可以不用到Cyrus SASL这个套件是因为Dovecot套件中也有自己SASL的具体实现，Dovecot并不只是一个IMAP+POP3的实现。</p>
<p>　　下面是一个在网上找到的一个比较清楚的关于Cyrus SASL Libary的文章，可以去参考下：</p>
<p>　　Cyrus SASL Libary学习</p>
<p>　　<a href="http://blog.chinaunix.net/u/4929/showart_110441.html" target="_blank">http://blog.chinaunix.net/u/4929/showart_110441.html</a></p>
<p>　　最后感叹下，其实这个问题并不是一个复杂的问题，只不过国内网上给出的方案都只侧重如何配置，并没有很系统写清楚这么做的原因(之其然不知其所以然在我看来可不是个好的学习方法)。这样的文档的确会让新手们找不到北。其实这样的问题官方都有比较详细的描述，看来加强英文学习是很重要的，这样可以有更多的参考！</p>
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		<item>
		<title>Linux下架设rsync服务器</title>
		<link>http://linux.mike.org.cn/2010/08/linux-rsync-server-set-up-under/</link>
		<comments>http://linux.mike.org.cn/2010/08/linux-rsync-server-set-up-under/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 09 Aug 2010 14:01:48 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>easylife</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[网络服务]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[rsync]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://linux.mike.org.cn/?p=261</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[　　本文主要以Linuxsir.Org上[rsync 服务器架设方法 v0.1b]为蓝本修订而成，在原文的基础上参考其它文章后加入了更多的细节描述。由于时间匆忙，可能会出现笔误的地方。如各位有发现文档错误的地方请留言告知以，以便即时修改！顺带提一下在整理完这个文档后，我认为在两台服务器做文件备份或者传输rsync是个不错的选择。这么说的原因是因为记得前段时间QQ群上某网友说ftp后台上传后更加好一些，也没有做过很大数据量的测试，有比较过的网友请留言告知！ 　　一、什么是rsync 　　rsync，remote synchronize顾名思意就知道它是一款实现远程同步功能的软件，它在同步文件的同时，可以保持原来文件的权限、时间、软硬链接等附加信息。rsync是用 &#8220;rsync 算法&#8221;提供了一个客户机和远程文件服务器的文件同步的快速方法，而且可以通过ssh方式来传输文件，这样其保密性也非常好，另外它还是免费的软件。 　　rsync 包括如下的一些特性： 　　能更新整个目录和树和文件系统；　　有选择性的保持符号链链、硬链接、文件属于、权限、设备以及时间等；　　对于安装来说，无任何特殊权限要求；　　对于多个文件来说，内部流水线减少文件等待的延时；　　能用rsh、ssh 或直接端口做为传输入端口；　　支持匿名rsync 同步文件，是理想的镜像工具； 　　二、架设rsync服务器 　　架设rsync 服务器比较简单，写一个配置文件rsyncd.conf 。文件的书写也是有规则的，我们可以参照rsync.samba.org 上的文档来做。当然我们首先要安装好rsync这个软件才行； 　　A、rsync的安装； 　　获取rsync 　　rysnc的官方网站：http://rsync.samba.org/可以从上面得到最新的版本。目前最新版是3.05。当然，因为rsync是一款如此有用的软件，所以很多Linux的发行版本都将它收录在内了。 　　软件包安装 　　# sudo apt-get&#160; install&#160; rsync&#160; 注：在debian、ubuntu 等在线安装方法；　　# yum install rsync&#160;&#160;&#160; 注：Fedora、Redhat 等在线安装方法；　　# rpm -ivh rsync&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; 注：Fedora、Redhat 等rpm包安装方法； 　　其它Linux发行版，请用相应的软件包管理方法来安装。 　　源码包安装 　　tar xvf&#160; rsync-xxx.tar.gz　　cd rsync-xxx　　./configure &#8211;prefix=/usr&#160; ;make ;make install&#160;&#160; 注：在用源码包编译安装之前，您得安装gcc等编译开具才行；　　　　　　B、配置文件 　　rsync的主要有以下三个配置文件rsyncd.conf(主配置文件)、rsyncd.secrets(密码文件)、rsyncd.motd(rysnc服务器信息) 　　服务器配置文件(/etc/rsyncd.conf)，该文件默认不存在，请创建它。 　　具体步骤如下： 　　#touch /etc/rsyncd.conf&#160; [...]<table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>　　本文主要以Linuxsir.Org上[rsync 服务器架设方法 v0.1b]为蓝本修订而成，在原文的基础上参考其它文章后加入了更多的细节描述。由于时间匆忙，可能会出现笔误的地方。如各位有发现文档错误的地方请留言告知以，以便即时修改！顺带提一下在整理完这个文档后，我认为在两台服务器做文件备份或者传输rsync是个不错的选择。这么说的原因是因为记得前段时间QQ群上某网友说ftp后台上传后更加好一些，也没有做过很大数据量的测试，有比较过的网友请留言告知！</p>
<p>　　一、什么是rsync</p>
<p>　　rsync，remote synchronize顾名思意就知道它是一款实现远程同步功能的软件，它在同步文件的同时，可以保持原来文件的权限、时间、软硬链接等附加信息。rsync是用 &ldquo;rsync 算法&rdquo;提供了一个客户机和远程文件服务器的文件同步的快速方法，而且可以通过ssh方式来传输文件，这样其保密性也非常好，另外它还是免费的软件。<span id="more-261"></span></p>
<p>　　rsync 包括如下的一些特性：</p>
<p>　　能更新整个目录和树和文件系统；<br />　　有选择性的保持符号链链、硬链接、文件属于、权限、设备以及时间等；<br />　　对于安装来说，无任何特殊权限要求；<br />　　对于多个文件来说，内部流水线减少文件等待的延时；<br />　　能用rsh、ssh 或直接端口做为传输入端口；<br />　　支持匿名rsync 同步文件，是理想的镜像工具；</p>
<p>　　二、架设rsync服务器</p>
<p>　　架设rsync 服务器比较简单，写一个配置文件rsyncd.conf 。文件的书写也是有规则的，我们可以参照rsync.samba.org 上的文档来做。当然我们首先要安装好rsync这个软件才行；</p>
<p>　　A、rsync的安装；</p>
<p>　　获取rsync</p>
<p>　　rysnc的官方网站：<a href="http://rsync.samba.org/">http://rsync.samba.org/</a>可以从上面得到最新的版本。目前最新版是3.05。当然，因为rsync是一款如此有用的软件，所以很多Linux的发行版本都将它收录在内了。</p>
<p>　　软件包安装</p>
<p>　　# sudo apt-get&nbsp; install&nbsp; rsync&nbsp; 注：在debian、ubuntu 等在线安装方法；<br />　　# yum install rsync&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 注：Fedora、Redhat 等在线安装方法；<br />　　# rpm -ivh rsync&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 注：Fedora、Redhat 等rpm包安装方法；</p>
<p>　　其它Linux发行版，请用相应的软件包管理方法来安装。</p>
<p>　　源码包安装</p>
<p>　　tar xvf&nbsp; rsync-xxx.tar.gz<br />　　cd rsync-xxx<br />　　./configure &#8211;prefix=/usr&nbsp; ;make ;make install&nbsp;&nbsp; 注：在用源码包编译安装之前，您得安装gcc等编译开具才行；<br />　　　　<br />　　B、配置文件</p>
<p>　　rsync的主要有以下三个配置文件rsyncd.conf(主配置文件)、rsyncd.secrets(密码文件)、rsyncd.motd(rysnc服务器信息)</p>
<p>　　服务器配置文件(/etc/rsyncd.conf)，该文件默认不存在，请创建它。</p>
<p>　　具体步骤如下：</p>
<p>　　#touch /etc/rsyncd.conf&nbsp; #创建rsyncd.conf，这是rsync服务器的配置文件。<br />　　#touch /etc/rsyncd.secrets&nbsp; #创建rsyncd.secrets ，这是用户密码文件。<br />　　#chmod 600 /etc/rsyncd/rsyncd.secrets&nbsp; #将rsyncd.secrets这个密码文件的文件属性设为root拥有, 且权限要设为600, 否则无法备份成功!<br />　　#touch /etc/rsyncd.motd</p>
<p>　　下一就是我们修改rsyncd.conf和rsyncd.secrets和rsyncd.motd文件的时候了。</p>
<p>　　设定/etc/rsyncd.conf</p>
<p>　　rsyncd.conf是rsync服务器主要配置文件。我们先来个简单的示例，后面在详细说明各项作用。</p>
<p>　　比如我们要备份服务器上的/home和/opt，在/home中我想把easylife和samba目录排除在外；</p>
<p>　　# Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License v2<br />　　# Minimal configuration file for rsync daemon<br />　　# See rsync(1) and rsyncd.conf(5) man pages for help</p>
<p>　　# This line is required by the /etc/init.d/rsyncd script<br />　　pid file = /var/run/rsyncd.pid&nbsp;&nbsp; <br />　　port = 873<br />　　address = 192.168.1.171&nbsp; <br />　　#uid = nobody <br />　　#gid = nobody&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br />　　uid = root&nbsp;&nbsp; <br />　　gid = root&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>
<p>　　use chroot = yes&nbsp; <br />　　read only = yes&nbsp;</p>
<p>　　#limit access to private LANs<br />　　hosts allow=192.168.1.0/255.255.255.0 10.0.1.0/255.255.255.0&nbsp; <br />　　hosts deny=*</p>
<p>　　max connections = 5 <br />　　motd file = /etc/rsyncd.motd</p>
<p>　　#This will give you a separate log file<br />　　#log file = /var/log/rsync.log</p>
<p>　　#This will log every file transferred &#8211; up to 85,000+ per user, per sync<br />　　#transfer logging = yes</p>
<p>　　log format = %t %a %m %f %b<br />　　syslog facility = local3<br />　　timeout = 300</p>
<p>　　[rhel4home]&nbsp;&nbsp; <br />　　path = /home&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br />　　list=yes <br />　　ignore errors <br />　　auth users = root<br />　　secrets file = /etc/rsyncd.secrets&nbsp; <br />　　comment = This is RHEL 4 data&nbsp; <br />　　exclude = easylife/&nbsp; samba/&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>
<p>　　[rhel4opt]<br />　　path = /opt <br />　　list=no<br />　　ignore errors<br />　　comment = This is RHEL 4 opt <br />　　auth users = easylife<br />　　secrets file = /etc/rsyncd/rsyncd.secrets</p>
<p>　　注：关于auth users是必须在服务器上存在的真实的系统用户，如果你想用多个用户以,号隔开，比如auth users = easylife,root </p>
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		<item>
		<title>理解Linux的处理器负载均值</title>
		<link>http://linux.mike.org.cn/2010/08/understanding-of-linux-processor-load-average/</link>
		<comments>http://linux.mike.org.cn/2010/08/understanding-of-linux-processor-load-average/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 09 Aug 2010 13:45:23 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>easylife</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[系统管理]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[linux]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[负载]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://linux.mike.org.cn/?p=257</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[　　今天又有群友在群里问Top命令中Load Average的含义，之前也有总结一篇[Top命令中Load Average的含义]的日志。前面那一篇写得有点抽象了，有关Load Average的具体计算我也没能理解得很明白。重新Google到一篇讲得很形象的文章，特转过来分享一下。 　　原文链接： http://blog.scoutapp.com/articles/2009/07/31/understanding-load-averages 　　翻译原文来源：http://www.gracecode.com/archives/2973/ 　　你可能对于Linux的负载均值(load averages)已有了充分的了解。负载均值在uptime或者top命令中可以看到，它们可能会显示成这个样子： ?View Code BASH1 load average: 0.09, 0.05, 0.01 　　很多人会这样理解负载均值：三个数分别代表不同时间段的系统平均负载(一分钟、五分钟、以及十五分钟)，它们的数字当然是越小越好。数字越高，说明服务器的负载越大，这也可能是服务器出现某种问题的信号。 　　而事实不完全如此，是什么因素构成了负载均值的大小，以及如何区分它们目前的状况是“好”还是“糟糕”？什么时候应该注意哪些不正常的数值？ 　　回答这些问题之前，首先需要了解下这些数值背后的些知识。我们先用最简单的例子说明， 一台只配备一块单核处理器的服务器。 　　行车过桥 　　一只单核的处理器可以形象得比喻成一条单车道。设想下，你现在需要收取这条道路的过桥费(忙于处理那些将要过桥的车辆)。你首先当然需要了解些信息，例如车辆的载重、以及还有多少车辆正在等待过桥。如果前面没有车辆在等待，那么你可以告诉后面的司机通过。如果车辆众多，那么需要告知他们可能需要稍等一会。 　　因此，需要些特定的代号表示目前的车流情况，例如： * 0.00 表示目前桥面上没有任何的车流。 实际上这种情况与0.00和1.00 之间是相同的，总而言之很通畅，过往的车辆可以丝毫不用等待的通过。 * 1.00 表示刚好是在这座桥的承受范围内。 这种情况不算糟糕，只是车流会有些堵，不过这种情况可能会造成交通越来越慢。 * 超过 1.00，那么说明这座桥已经超出负荷，交通严重的拥堵。 那么情况有多糟糕？ 例如 2.00 的情况说明车流已经超出了桥所能承受的一倍，那么将有多余过桥一倍的车辆正在焦急的等待。3.00 的话情况就更不妙了，说明这座桥基本上已经快承受不了，还有超出桥负载两倍多的车辆正在等待。 　　上面的情况和处理器的负载情况非常相似。一辆汽车的过桥时间就好比是处理器处理某线程的实际时间。Unix系统定义的进程运行时长为所有处理器内核的处理时间加上线程在队列中等待的时间。 　　和收过桥费的管理员一样，你当然希望你的汽车(操作)不会被焦急的等待。所以，理想状态下，都希望负载平均值小于1.00 。当然不排除部分峰值会超过1.00，但长此以往保持这个状态，就说明会有问题，这时候你应该会很焦急。 　　所以你说的理想负荷为1.00 ？ 　　嗯，这种情况其实并不完全正确。负荷1.00 说明系统已经没有剩余的资源了。在实际情况中 ，有经验的系统管理员都会将这条线划在0.70： * “需要进行调查法则”：如果长期你的系统负载在0.70上下，那么你需要在事情变得更糟糕之前，花些时间了解其原因。 * “现在就要修复法则”：1.00。如果你的服务器系统负载长期徘徊于1.00，那么就应该马上解决这个问题。否则，你将半夜接到你上司的电话，这可不是件令人愉快的事情。 * “凌晨三点半锻炼身体法则”：5.00。如果你的服务器负载超过了5.00这个数字，那么你将失去你的睡眠，还得在会议中说明这情况发生的原因，总之千万不要让它发生。 [...]<table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>　　今天又有群友在群里问Top命令中Load Average的含义，之前也有总结一篇<a href="http://www.mike.org.cn/?p=654" target="_blank">[Top命令中Load Average的含义</a>]的日志。前面那一篇写得有点抽象了，有关Load Average的具体计算我也没能理解得很明白。重新Google到一篇讲得很形象的文章，特转过来分享一下。</p>
<p>　　原文链接： <a href="http://blog.scoutapp.com/articles/2009/07/31/understanding-load-averages" target="_blank">http://blog.scoutapp.com/articles/2009/07/31/understanding-load-averages</a><br />
　　翻译原文来源：<a href="http://www.gracecode.com/archives/2973/" target="_blank">http://www.gracecode.com/archives/2973/</a></p>
<p>　　你可能对于Linux的负载均值(load averages)已有了充分的了解。负载均值在uptime或者top命令中可以看到，它们可能会显示成这个样子：</p>

<div class="wp_codebox_msgheader"><span class="right"><sup><a href="http://www.ericbess.com/ericblog/2008/03/03/wp-codebox/#examples" target="_blank" title="WP-CodeBox HowTo?"><span style="color: #99cc00">?</span></a></sup></span><span class="left"><a href="javascript:;" onclick="javascript:showCodeTxt('p257code9'); return false;">View Code</a> BASH</span><div class="codebox_clear"></div></div><div class="wp_codebox"><table><tr id="p2579"><td class="line_numbers"><pre>1
</pre></td><td class="code" id="p257code9"><pre class="bash" style="font-family:monospace;">load average: <span style="color: #000000;">0.09</span>, <span style="color: #000000;">0.05</span>, <span style="color: #000000;">0.01</span></pre></td></tr></table></div>

<p>　　很多人会这样理解负载均值：三个数分别代表不同时间段的系统平均负载(一分钟、五分钟、以及十五分钟)，它们的数字当然是越小越好。数字越高，说明服务器的负载越大，这也可能是服务器出现某种问题的信号。<span id="more-257"></span></p>
<p>　　而事实不完全如此，是什么因素构成了负载均值的大小，以及如何区分它们目前的状况是“好”还是“糟糕”？什么时候应该注意哪些不正常的数值？</p>
<p>　　回答这些问题之前，首先需要了解下这些数值背后的些知识。我们先用最简单的例子说明， 一台只配备一块单核处理器的服务器。</p>
<p>　　行车过桥</p>
<p>　　一只单核的处理器可以形象得比喻成一条单车道。设想下，你现在需要收取这条道路的过桥费(忙于处理那些将要过桥的车辆)。你首先当然需要了解些信息，例如车辆的载重、以及还有多少车辆正在等待过桥。如果前面没有车辆在等待，那么你可以告诉后面的司机通过。如果车辆众多，那么需要告知他们可能需要稍等一会。</p>
<p>　　因此，需要些特定的代号表示目前的车流情况，例如：</p>
<p>    * 0.00 表示目前桥面上没有任何的车流。 实际上这种情况与0.00和1.00 之间是相同的，总而言之很通畅，过往的车辆可以丝毫不用等待的通过。<br />
    * 1.00 表示刚好是在这座桥的承受范围内。 这种情况不算糟糕，只是车流会有些堵，不过这种情况可能会造成交通越来越慢。<br />
    * 超过 1.00，那么说明这座桥已经超出负荷，交通严重的拥堵。 那么情况有多糟糕？ 例如 2.00 的情况说明车流已经超出了桥所能承受的一倍，那么将有多余过桥一倍的车辆正在焦急的等待。3.00 的话情况就更不妙了，说明这座桥基本上已经快承受不了，还有超出桥负载两倍多的车辆正在等待。</p>
<p><a href="http://www.mike.org.cn/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/890367db9819.png" class="floatbox" rev="group:257 caption:`load of 0.5-1.75`"><img src="http://www.mike.org.cn/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/890367db9819.png" alt="" title="load of 0.5-1.75" width="418" height="173" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1434" /></a></p>
<p>　　上面的情况和处理器的负载情况非常相似。一辆汽车的过桥时间就好比是处理器处理某线程的实际时间。Unix系统定义的进程运行时长为所有处理器内核的处理时间加上线程在队列中等待的时间。</p>
<p>　　和收过桥费的管理员一样，你当然希望你的汽车(操作)不会被焦急的等待。所以，理想状态下，都希望负载平均值小于1.00 。当然不排除部分峰值会超过1.00，但长此以往保持这个状态，就说明会有问题，这时候你应该会很焦急。</p>
<p>　　所以你说的理想负荷为1.00 ？</p>
<p>　　嗯，这种情况其实并不完全正确。负荷1.00 说明系统已经没有剩余的资源了。在实际情况中 ，有经验的系统管理员都会将这条线划在0.70：</p>
<p>    * “需要进行调查法则”：如果长期你的系统负载在0.70上下，那么你需要在事情变得更糟糕之前，花些时间了解其原因。<br />
    * “现在就要修复法则”：1.00。如果你的服务器系统负载长期徘徊于1.00，那么就应该马上解决这个问题。否则，你将半夜接到你上司的电话，这可不是件令人愉快的事情。<br />
    * “凌晨三点半锻炼身体法则”：5.00。如果你的服务器负载超过了5.00这个数字，那么你将失去你的睡眠，还得在会议中说明这情况发生的原因，总之千万不要让它发生。</p>
<p>　　那么多个处理器呢？我的均值是3.00，但是系统运行正常！</p>
<p>　　哇喔，你有四个处理器的主机？那么它的负载均值在3.00是很正常的。</p>
<p>　　在多处理器系统中，负载均值是基于内核的数量决定的。以100%负载计算，1.00表示单个处理器，而2.00则说明有两个双处理器，那么4.00就说明主机具有四个处理器。</p>
<p><a href="http://www.mike.org.cn/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/556217db9819.png" class="floatbox" rev="group:257 caption:`load of 2.0`"><img src="http://www.mike.org.cn/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/556217db9819.png" alt="load of 2.0" title="load of 2.0" width="478" height="65" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1435" /></a></p>
<p>　　回到我们上面有关车辆过桥的比喻。1.00我说过是“一条单车道的道路”。那么在单车道1.00情况中，说明这桥梁已经被车塞满了。而在双处理器系统中，这意味着多出了一倍的负载，也就是说还有 50%的剩余系统资源(因为还有另外条车道可以通行)。</p>
<p>　　所以，单处理器已经在负载的情况下，双处理器的负载满额的情况是2.00，它还有一倍的资源可以利用。</p>
<p>　　多核与多处理器</p>
<p>　　先脱离下主题，我们来讨论下多核心处理器与多处理器的区别。从性能的角度上理解，一台主机拥有多核心的处理器与另台拥有同样数目的处理性能基本上可以认为是相差无几。当然实际情况会复杂得多，不同数量的缓存、处理器的频率等因素都可能造成性能的差异。</p>
<p>　　但即便这些因素造成的实际性能稍有不同，其实系统还是以处理器的核心数量计算负载均值 。这使我们有了两个新的法则：</p>
<p>    * “有多少核心即为有多少负荷”法则：在多核处理中，你的系统均值不应该高于处理器核心的总数量。<br />
    * “核心的核心”法则：核心分布在分别几个单个物理处理中并不重要，其实两颗四核的处理器 等于四个双核处理器 等于八个单处理器。所以，它应该有八个处理器内核。</p>
<p>　　审视我们自己</p>
<p>　　让我们再来看看uptime的输出</p>

<div class="wp_codebox_msgheader"><span class="right"><sup><a href="http://www.ericbess.com/ericblog/2008/03/03/wp-codebox/#examples" target="_blank" title="WP-CodeBox HowTo?"><span style="color: #99cc00">?</span></a></sup></span><span class="left"><a href="javascript:;" onclick="javascript:showCodeTxt('p257code10'); return false;">View Code</a> BASH</span><div class="codebox_clear"></div></div><div class="wp_codebox"><table><tr id="p25710"><td class="line_numbers"><pre>1
2
</pre></td><td class="code" id="p257code10"><pre class="bash" style="font-family:monospace;">~ $ <span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">uptime</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">23</span>:05 up <span style="color: #000000;">14</span> days, <span style="color: #000000;">6</span>:08, <span style="color: #000000;">7</span> <span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">users</span>, load averages: <span style="color: #000000;">0.65</span> <span style="color: #000000;">0.42</span> <span style="color: #000000;">0.36</span></pre></td></tr></table></div>

<p>　　这是个双核处理器，从结果也说明有很多的空闲资源。实际情况是即便它的峰值会到1.7，我也从来没有考虑过它的负载问题。</p>
<p>　　那么，怎么会有三个数字的确让人困扰。我们知道，0.65、0.42、0.36分别说明上一分钟、最后五分钟以及最后十五分钟的系统负载均值。那么这又带来了一个问题：</p>
<p>　　我们以哪个数字为准？一分钟？五分钟？还是十五分钟？</p>
<p>　　其实对于这些数字我们已经谈论了很多，我认为你应该着眼于五分钟或者十五分钟的平均数 值。坦白讲，如果前一分钟的负载情况是 1.00，那么仍可以说明认定服务器情况还是正常的。 但是如果十五分钟的数值仍然保持在 1.00，那么就值得注意了(根据我的经验，这时候你应该增加的处理器数量了)。</p>
<p>　　那么我如何得知我的系统装备了多少核心的处理器？</p>
<p>　　在 Linux 下，可以使用</p>

<div class="wp_codebox_msgheader"><span class="right"><sup><a href="http://www.ericbess.com/ericblog/2008/03/03/wp-codebox/#examples" target="_blank" title="WP-CodeBox HowTo?"><span style="color: #99cc00">?</span></a></sup></span><span class="left"><a href="javascript:;" onclick="javascript:showCodeTxt('p257code11'); return false;">View Code</a> BASH</span><div class="codebox_clear"></div></div><div class="wp_codebox"><table><tr id="p25711"><td class="line_numbers"><pre>1
</pre></td><td class="code" id="p257code11"><pre class="bash" style="font-family:monospace;"><span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">cat</span> <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>proc<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>cpuinfo</pre></td></tr></table></div>

<p>　　获取你系统上的每个处理器的信息。如果你只想得到数字，那么就使用下面的命令：</p>

<div class="wp_codebox_msgheader"><span class="right"><sup><a href="http://www.ericbess.com/ericblog/2008/03/03/wp-codebox/#examples" target="_blank" title="WP-CodeBox HowTo?"><span style="color: #99cc00">?</span></a></sup></span><span class="left"><a href="javascript:;" onclick="javascript:showCodeTxt('p257code12'); return false;">View Code</a> BASH</span><div class="codebox_clear"></div></div><div class="wp_codebox"><table><tr id="p25712"><td class="line_numbers"><pre>1
</pre></td><td class="code" id="p257code12"><pre class="bash" style="font-family:monospace;"><span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">grep</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">'model name'</span> <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>proc<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>cpuinfo <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">|</span> <span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">wc</span> <span style="color: #660033;">-l</span></pre></td></tr></table></div>

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		<title>GNU/Linux发行版时间线</title>
		<link>http://linux.mike.org.cn/2010/08/gnu-linux-distribution-timeline/</link>
		<comments>http://linux.mike.org.cn/2010/08/gnu-linux-distribution-timeline/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 09 Aug 2010 05:41:31 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>easylife</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[发行版本]]></category>
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>　　Linux发行版(也被叫做GNU/Linux发行版)是基于Linux内核的类Unix操作系统。Linux发行版通常包含了包括桌面环境、办公套件、媒体播放器、数据库等应用软件。这些操作系统通常由Linux内核、以及来自GNU计划的大量的函式库，和基于X Window的图形界面。</p>
<p>　　有些发行版考虑到容量大小而没有预装X Window，而使用更加轻量级的软件，如：busybox, uclibc或dietlibc。现在有超过300个Linux发行版(Linux发行版列表)。大部分都正处于活跃的开发中，不断地改进。</p>
<p>　　由于大多数软件包是自由软件和开源软件，所以Linux发行版的形式多种多样—从功能齐全的桌面系统以及服务器系统到小型系统(通常在嵌入式设备，或者启动软盘)。除了一些定制软件 (如安装和配置工具)，发行版通常只是将特定的应用软件安装在一堆函式库和内核上，以满足特定使用者的需求。<span id="more-254"></span></p>
<p>　　这些发行版可以分为商业发行版，比如Fedora(RedHat),Ubuntu(Canonical),openSUSE(Novell)和Mandriva Linux；和社区发行版，它们由自由软件社区提供支持，如Debian和Gentoo；也有发行版既不是商业发行版也不是社区发行版，其中最有名的是Slackware。</p>
<p>　　下图是最新的GNU/Linux发行版时间线(GNU/Linux distro timeline 10.4)，包含了从1992年至今几乎所有的发行版。更多以前版本时间线的可参见这里：<a href="http://futurist.se/gldt/" target="_blank">GNU/Linux distro timeline</a></p>
<p><a href="http://futurist.se/gldt/wp-content/uploads/gldt1008.png" class="floatbox" rev="group:254 caption:`GNU/Linux distro timeline 10.4`"><img class="  alignnone" title="GNU/Linux distro timeline 10.4" src="http://futurist.se/gldt/wp-content/uploads/gldt1008.png" alt="GNU/Linux distro timeline 10.8" width="500" height="1000" /></a></p>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>理解devfs、sysfs、udev</title>
		<link>http://linux.mike.org.cn/2010/08/to-understand-devfs-sysfs-udev/</link>
		<comments>http://linux.mike.org.cn/2010/08/to-understand-devfs-sysfs-udev/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 09 Aug 2010 05:39:36 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>easylife</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[系统管理]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[devfs]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[sysfs]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[udev]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://linux.mike.org.cn/?p=252</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[　　linux下有专门的文件系统用来对设备进行管理，devfs和sysfs就是其中两种。 　　一、devfs 　　devfs是在2.4内核就出现了，它是用来解决linux中设备管理混乱的问题，你查看一下/dev下的设备文件就知道其中有许多是空的(也就是没有对应的硬件的)，但是它们却必须存在，所以这给linux设备管理带来了很多麻烦，为了解决这个问题，linux内核开发人员开发了devfs，并用一个守护进程devfsd来做一些与以前硬件驱动兼容的事情。 　　devfs和sysfs都是和proc一样，是一个虚拟的文件系统，向devfs注册的驱动程序，devfs将会在/dev下建立相应的设备文件；但是为了兼容，devfsd这个守护进程将会在某个设定的目录中建立以主设备号为索引的设备文件，如果不这么做，以前的许多应用将不能运行。 　　在2.6内核以前一直使用的是devfs，devfs挂载于/dev目录下，提供了一种类似于文件的方法来管理位于/dev目录下的所有设备，我们知道/dev目录下的每一个文件都对应的是一个设备，至于当前该设备存在与否先且不论，而且这些特殊文件是位于根文件系统上的，在制作文件系统的时候我们就已经建立了这些设备文件，因此通过操作这些特殊文件，可以实现与内核进行交互。 　　但是devfs文件系统有一些缺点，例如：不确定的设备映射，有时一个设备映射的设备文件可能不同，例如我的U盘可能对应sda有可能对应sdb；没有足够的主/辅设备号，当设备过多的时候，显然这会成为一个问题；/dev目录下文件太多而且不能表示当前系统上的实际设备；命名不够灵活，不能任意指定等等。 　　二、sysfs 　　sysfs是Linux 2.6所提供的一种虚拟档案系统。这个档案系统不仅可以把装置(devices)和驱动程式(drivers)的资讯从kernel space输出到user space，也可以用来对装置和驱动程式做设定。 　　sysfs的目的是把一些原本在procfs中的，关于装置的部份独立出来，以[装置阶层架构}(device tree)的形式呈现。这个档案系统由Patrick Mochel所写，稍后Maneesh Soni撰写 &#34;sysfs backing store path&#34;，以降低在大型系统中对内存的需求量。 　　sysfs一开始以ramfs为基础，也是一个只存在于内存中的档案系统。ramfs是在2.4核心处于稳定阶段时加入的。ramfs是一个优雅的实做，证明了要在当时仍很新的虚拟档案系统(VFS)下写一个简单的档案系统是多么容易的一件事。由于ramfs的简洁以及使用了VFS，稍后的一些内存形式的档案系统都以它作为开发基础。 　　sysfs刚开始被命名成ddfs(Device Driver Filesystem)，当初只是为了要对新的驱动程式模型除错而开发出来的。它在除错时，会把装置架构(device tree)的资讯输出到procfs档案系统中。但在Linus Torvalds的急切督促下，ddfs被转型成一个以ramfs为基础的档案系统。在新的驱动程式模型被整合进 2.5.1 核心时，ddfs 被改名成driverfs，以更确切描述它的用途。 　　在2.5核心开发的次年，新的&#8216;驱动程式模型&#8217;和&#8216;driverfs&#8217;证明了对核心中的其他子系统也有用处。kobjects被开发出来，作为核心物件的中央管理机制，而此时driverfs也被改名成sysfs。&#160;&#160;&#160; 　　正因为devfs上述这些问题的存在，在linux2.6内核以后，引入了一个新的文件系统sysfs，它挂载于/sys目录下，跟devfs一样它也是一个虚拟文件系统，也是用来对系统的设备进行管理的，它把实际连接到系统上的设备和总线组织成一个分级的文件，用户空间的程序同样可以利用这些信息以实现和内核的交互。 　　该文件系统是当前系统上实际设备树的一个直观反应，它是通过kobject子系统来建立这个信息的，当一个kobject被创建的时候，对应的文件和目录也就被创建了，位于/sys下的相关目录下，既然每个设备在sysfs中都有唯一对应的目录，那么也就可以被用户空间读写了。用户空间的工具udev就是利用了sysfs提供的信息来实现所有devfs的功能的，但不同的是udev运行在用户空间中，而devfs却运行在内核空间，而且udev不存在devfs那些先天的缺陷。很显然，sysfs将是未来发展的方向。 　　三、udev 　　udev是一种工具，它能够根据系统中的硬件设备的状况动态更新设备文件，包括设备文件的创建，删除等。设备文件通常放在/dev目录下，使用udev后,在/dev下面只包含系统中真实存在的设备。它于硬件平台无关的，位于用户空间，需要内核sysfs和tmpfs的支持，sysfs为udev提供设备入口和uevent通道，tmpfs为udev设备文件提供存放空间。<table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>　　linux下有专门的文件系统用来对设备进行管理，devfs和sysfs就是其中两种。</p>
<p>　　一、devfs</p>
<p>　　devfs是在2.4内核就出现了，它是用来解决linux中设备管理混乱的问题，你查看一下/dev下的设备文件就知道其中有许多是空的(也就是没有对应的硬件的)，但是它们却必须存在，所以这给linux设备管理带来了很多麻烦，为了解决这个问题，linux内核开发人员开发了devfs，并用一个守护进程devfsd来做一些与以前硬件驱动兼容的事情。<span id="more-252"></span></p>
<p>　　devfs和sysfs都是和proc一样，是一个虚拟的文件系统，向devfs注册的驱动程序，devfs将会在/dev下建立相应的设备文件；但是为了兼容，devfsd这个守护进程将会在某个设定的目录中建立以主设备号为索引的设备文件，如果不这么做，以前的许多应用将不能运行。</p>
<p>　　在2.6内核以前一直使用的是devfs，devfs挂载于/dev目录下，提供了一种类似于文件的方法来管理位于/dev目录下的所有设备，我们知道/dev目录下的每一个文件都对应的是一个设备，至于当前该设备存在与否先且不论，而且这些特殊文件是位于根文件系统上的，在制作文件系统的时候我们就已经建立了这些设备文件，因此通过操作这些特殊文件，可以实现与内核进行交互。</p>
<p>　　但是devfs文件系统有一些缺点，例如：不确定的设备映射，有时一个设备映射的设备文件可能不同，例如我的U盘可能对应sda有可能对应sdb；没有足够的主/辅设备号，当设备过多的时候，显然这会成为一个问题；/dev目录下文件太多而且不能表示当前系统上的实际设备；命名不够灵活，不能任意指定等等。</p>
<p>　　二、sysfs</p>
<p>　　sysfs是Linux 2.6所提供的一种虚拟档案系统。这个档案系统不仅可以把装置(devices)和驱动程式(drivers)的资讯从kernel space输出到user space，也可以用来对装置和驱动程式做设定。</p>
<p>　　sysfs的目的是把一些原本在procfs中的，关于装置的部份独立出来，以[装置阶层架构}(device tree)的形式呈现。这个档案系统由Patrick Mochel所写，稍后Maneesh Soni撰写 &quot;sysfs backing store path&quot;，以降低在大型系统中对内存的需求量。</p>
<p>　　sysfs一开始以ramfs为基础，也是一个只存在于内存中的档案系统。ramfs是在2.4核心处于稳定阶段时加入的。ramfs是一个优雅的实做，证明了要在当时仍很新的虚拟档案系统(VFS)下写一个简单的档案系统是多么容易的一件事。由于ramfs的简洁以及使用了VFS，稍后的一些内存形式的档案系统都以它作为开发基础。</p>
<p>　　sysfs刚开始被命名成ddfs(Device Driver Filesystem)，当初只是为了要对新的驱动程式模型除错而开发出来的。它在除错时，会把装置架构(device tree)的资讯输出到procfs档案系统中。但在Linus Torvalds的急切督促下，ddfs被转型成一个以ramfs为基础的档案系统。在新的驱动程式模型被整合进 2.5.1 核心时，ddfs 被改名成driverfs，以更确切描述它的用途。</p>
<p>　　在2.5核心开发的次年，新的&lsquo;驱动程式模型&rsquo;和&lsquo;driverfs&rsquo;证明了对核心中的其他子系统也有用处。kobjects被开发出来，作为核心物件的中央管理机制，而此时driverfs也被改名成sysfs。<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br />　　正因为devfs上述这些问题的存在，在linux2.6内核以后，引入了一个新的文件系统sysfs，它挂载于/sys目录下，跟devfs一样它也是一个虚拟文件系统，也是用来对系统的设备进行管理的，它把实际连接到系统上的设备和总线组织成一个分级的文件，用户空间的程序同样可以利用这些信息以实现和内核的交互。</p>
<p>　　该文件系统是当前系统上实际设备树的一个直观反应，它是通过kobject子系统来建立这个信息的，当一个kobject被创建的时候，对应的文件和目录也就被创建了，位于/sys下的相关目录下，既然每个设备在sysfs中都有唯一对应的目录，那么也就可以被用户空间读写了。用户空间的工具udev就是利用了sysfs提供的信息来实现所有devfs的功能的，但不同的是udev运行在用户空间中，而devfs却运行在内核空间，而且udev不存在devfs那些先天的缺陷。很显然，sysfs将是未来发展的方向。</p>
<p>　　三、udev</p>
<p>　　udev是一种工具，它能够根据系统中的硬件设备的状况动态更新设备文件，包括设备文件的创建，删除等。设备文件通常放在/dev目录下，使用udev后,在/dev下面只包含系统中真实存在的设备。它于硬件平台无关的，位于用户空间，需要内核sysfs和tmpfs的支持，sysfs为udev提供设备入口和uevent通道，tmpfs为udev设备文件提供存放空间。</p>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Unix和Unix-like的发展历史</title>
		<link>http://linux.mike.org.cn/2010/08/unix-and-unix-like-history-of-the-development/</link>
		<comments>http://linux.mike.org.cn/2010/08/unix-and-unix-like-history-of-the-development/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 09 Aug 2010 13:35:40 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>easylife</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[应用部署]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[linux]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[unix]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[历史]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://linux.mike.org.cn/?p=249</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[下面是整理的Unix和Unix-like发展历史的资料，非常的不错。(如有更好的，我会持续更新到这篇日志上) UNIX简介及其历史　http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unix&#38;variant=zh-cn BSD简介及其历史　http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BSD&#38;variant=zh-cn#.E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2 Solaris简介及其历史　http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SunOS&#38;variant=zh-cn 什么是Linux　http://linux.vbird.org/linux_basic/0110whatislinux.php System V　　http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=System_V FreeBSD　　http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FreeBSD&#38;variant=zh-cn PS:Linux的成功主要得益于：GNU计划、Minix操作系统的开发、Internet广泛应用、支持POSIX标准。(Linus Torvalds和Bill Gates都赶上了一个好时代，当然他们的个人能力是值得肯定的。) 附两张非常好的图： Unix家族系谱图 Linux分支<table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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    </tr>
</table>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>下面是整理的Unix和Unix-like发展历史的资料，非常的不错。(如有更好的，我会持续更新到这篇日志上)</p>
<p>UNIX简介及其历史　<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unix&amp;variant=zh-cn" target="_blank">http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unix&amp;variant=zh-cn</a></p>
<p>BSD简介及其历史　<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BSD&amp;variant=zh-cn#.E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2" target="_blank">http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BSD&amp;variant=zh-cn#.E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2</a><span id="more-249"></span></p>
<p>Solaris简介及其历史　<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SunOS&amp;variant=zh-cn" target="_blank">http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SunOS&amp;variant=zh-cn</a></p>
<p>什么是Linux　<a href="http://linux.vbird.org/linux_basic/0110whatislinux.php" target="_blank">http://linux.vbird.org/linux_basic/0110whatislinux.php</a></p>
<p>System V　　<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=System_V" target="_blank">http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=System_V</a></p>
<p>FreeBSD　　<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FreeBSD&amp;variant=zh-cn" target="_blank">http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FreeBSD&amp;variant=zh-cn</a></p>
<p><span style="color: #993366;">PS:Linux的成功主要得益于：GNU计划、Minix操作系统的开发、Internet广泛应用、支持POSIX标准。(Linus Torvalds和Bill Gates都赶上了一个好时代，当然他们的个人能力是值得肯定的。)</span></p>
<p>附两张非常好的图：</p>
<p>Unix家族系谱图</p>
<p><a href="http://www.mike.org.cn/wp-content/f2/attachments/200906/6740791750.gif" class="floatbox" rev="group:249"><img src="http://www.mike.org.cn/wp-content/f2/attachments/200906/6740791750.gif" alt="" width="400" height="315" /></a></p>
<p>Linux分支</p>
<p><a href="http://www.mike.org.cn/wp-content/f2/attachments/200906/0632628766.jpg" class="floatbox" rev="group:249"><img src="http://www.mike.org.cn/wp-content/f2/attachments/200906/0632628766.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="331" /></a></p>
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		<title>Linux┊LFS构建中的一些错误总结</title>
		<link>http://linux.mike.org.cn/2010/08/linux-%e2%94%8a-lfs-build-some-of-the-error-summary/</link>
		<comments>http://linux.mike.org.cn/2010/08/linux-%e2%94%8a-lfs-build-some-of-the-error-summary/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 09 Aug 2010 05:32:38 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>easylife</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[发行版本]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[lfs]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://linux.mike.org.cn/?p=247</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[　　LFS终于搭建完成了，总耗时在70小时左右。现在将其构建过程中的一些问题总结下：宿主系统用的是lfslivecd-x86-6.3-r2160(省去下载软件包和相关补丁的麻烦)。 　　一、整个构建LFS中总要遇到如下几个错误： 　　1、gcc4.3.2编译错误 　　编译产生如下错误 　　　　/usr/include/gnu/stubs.h:7:27: error: gnu/stubs-32.h: No such file or directory　　make[5]: *** [_muldi3.o] Error 1　　make[5]: Leaving directory `/mnt/lfs/sources/gcc-build/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/32/libgcc&#39;　　make[4]: *** [multi-do] Error 1　　make[4]: Leaving directory `/mnt/lfs/sources/gcc-build/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/libgcc&#39;　　make[3]: *** [all-multi] Error 2　　make[3]: Leaving directory `/mnt/lfs/sources/gcc-build/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/libgcc&#39;　　make[2]: *** [all-stage1-target-libgcc] Error 2　　make[2]: Leaving directory `/mnt/lfs/sources/gcc-build&#39;　　make[1]: *** [stage1-bubble] Error 2　　make[1]: Leaving directory `/mnt/lfs/sources/gcc-build&#39;　　make: *** [all] Error 2　　　　起因：LFS宿主系统是64位的，做GCC的交叉编译会出错。 　　解决：更换宿主系统为32位或采用CLFS 　　参考：http://www.linuxsir.org/bbs/thread343363.html 　　2、chroot后glibc-2.5.1 make出错 [...]<table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>　　LFS终于搭建完成了，总耗时在70小时左右。现在将其构建过程中的一些问题总结下：宿主系统用的是lfslivecd-x86-6.3-r2160(省去下载软件包和相关补丁的麻烦)。</p>
<p>　　一、整个构建LFS中总要遇到如下几个错误：</p>
<p>　　1、gcc4.3.2编译错误<span id="more-247"></span></p>
<p>　　编译产生如下错误</p>
<p>　　<code><br />　　/usr/include/gnu/stubs.h:7:27: error: gnu/stubs-32.h: No such file or directory<br />　　make[5]: *** [_muldi3.o] Error 1<br />　　make[5]: Leaving directory `/mnt/lfs/sources/gcc-build/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/32/libgcc&#39;<br />　　make[4]: *** [multi-do] Error 1<br />　　make[4]: Leaving directory `/mnt/lfs/sources/gcc-build/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/libgcc&#39;<br />　　make[3]: *** [all-multi] Error 2<br />　　make[3]: Leaving directory `/mnt/lfs/sources/gcc-build/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/libgcc&#39;<br />　　make[2]: *** [all-stage1-target-libgcc] Error 2<br />　　make[2]: Leaving directory `/mnt/lfs/sources/gcc-build&#39;<br />　　make[1]: *** [stage1-bubble] Error 2<br />　　make[1]: Leaving directory `/mnt/lfs/sources/gcc-build&#39;<br />　　make: *** [all] Error 2<br />　　</code><br />　　起因：LFS宿主系统是64位的，做GCC的交叉编译会出错。</p>
<p>　　解决：更换宿主系统为32位或采用CLFS</p>
<p>　　参考：<a href="http://www.linuxsir.org/bbs/thread343363.html" target="_blank">http://www.linuxsir.org/bbs/thread343363.html</a></p>
<p>　　2、chroot后glibc-2.5.1 make出错</p>
<p>　　编译产生如下错误</p>
<p>　　<code><br />　　no gen-translit.pl &lt; C-translit.h.in &gt; C-translit.h.tmp<br />　　/bin/sh: no :command not found<br />　　make[2]:*** [C-translit.h] Error 127<br />　　make[2]:Leaving directory &#39;/sources/glibc-2.5.1/locale&#39;<br />　　make[1]: ***[locale/others] Error2<br />　　make[1]:Leaving directory &#39;/sources/glibc-.2.5.1&#39;<br />　　make : *** [all] Error2<br />　　</code><br />　　起因：沒安perl或者perl不能正常工作(用perl -V可以进行简单测试。如一切正常就应无报错信息)。经检查编译的perl并没有问题，后发现是未正确复制perl的库造成</p>
<p>　　解决： 1、将PERL相关的LIB Copy过去(cp -Rv lib/* /tools/lib/perl5/5.8.8)。2、重编Glibc前必须重新生成Makefile文件(必须)。</p>
<p>　　参考：<a href="http://blog.chinaunix.net/u/13265/showart.php?id=477122" target="_blank">http://blog.chinaunix.net/u/13265/showart.php?id=477122</a></p>
<p>　　3、其它错误</p>
<p>　　除开上面的两个比较严重的错误外，基本是就是一些输入错误而引起的(后来在宿主上启用SSH后，改用复制粘贴，这一类问题基本不会出现)。</p>
<p>　　切记保证每一步操作的正确性，这样才有助于保证你LFS的成功。</p>
<p>　　二、通过这次LFS的构建学习到了不少东西(稍后有时间再把LFS文档各步之间关系整理一下)</p>
<p>　　1、对工具链有一个基本清楚的认识。<br />　　2、对tempfs、devfs、systemfs、udev几个文件系统有进一步的认识。<br />　　3、学习到Kernel相关的几个文件的作用。<br />　　4、sed的基本使用。<br />　　5、其它相关知识点的巩固。</p>
<p>　　最后说一下LFS虽然整个构建过程比较烦琐，只要你打好了基本功，LFS并不是遥不可及。如果有兴趣去尝试的网友，推荐你可以参考这两个文档《手把手教你如何建立自己的Linux系统 第二版》和《Linux From Scratch官方手册》。<br />　　</p>
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		<title>如何安装mysql plugin</title>
		<link>http://linux.mike.org.cn/2010/08/how-to-install-the-mysql-plugin/</link>
		<comments>http://linux.mike.org.cn/2010/08/how-to-install-the-mysql-plugin/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 09 Aug 2010 05:29:53 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>easylife</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[推荐教程]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[数据管理]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[mysql]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[plugin]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://linux.mike.org.cn/?p=244</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[　　1、安装Plugin 　　语法如下： INSTALL PLUGIN plugin_name SONAME &#39;plugin_library&#39; 　　实例： 　　Mysql&#62;INSTALL PLUGIN&#160; Archive&#160;&#160;&#160; SONAME &#8216;ha_archive.so&#8217;; 　　Mysql&#62;INSTALL PLUGIN&#160; InnoDB&#160;&#160;&#160; SONAME &#8216;ha_innodb.so&#8217;; 　　plugin_name 是在plugin声明中定义的plugin的名称，plugin名字大小写敏感可以由系统设置。plugin_library 是共享库的名字，共享库在 plugin的目录下，可能是静态或者动态库，比如：libmyplugin.so or libmyplugin.dylib 　　共享库必须放在plugin目录下，目录是由plugin_dir系统变量中定义的，默认这个目录是由配置变量中的pkglibdir定义的，可以在服务器启动时候改变，比如可以在my.cnf中设置： 　　[mysqld] 　　plugin_dir=/path/to/plugin/directory 　　如果设置相对目录，目录是相对mysql base的系统变量。 　　INSTALL PLUGIN在mysql.plugin表中增加一行相关记录。同时INSTALL PLUGIN 会加载并初始化plugin。 　　(To use INSTALL PLUGIN, you must have the INSERT privilege for the mysql.plugin table. ) 　　在服务器启动的时候，服务器会加载所有plugin中的 plugin，也就是仅仅需要运行一次 INSTALL PLUGIN ，如果启动时候&#8211;skip-grant-tables ，则不会加载plugin。 　　服务器关闭的时候，会关闭plugin. [...]<table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>　　1、安装Plugin</p>
<p>　　语法如下： INSTALL PLUGIN plugin_name SONAME &#39;plugin_library&#39;</p>
<p>　　实例：</p>
<p>　　Mysql&gt;INSTALL PLUGIN&nbsp; Archive&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; SONAME &lsquo;ha_archive.so&rsquo;;<br /> 　　Mysql&gt;INSTALL PLUGIN&nbsp; InnoDB&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; SONAME &lsquo;ha_innodb.so&rsquo;;</p>
<p>　　plugin_name 是在plugin声明中定义的plugin的名称，plugin名字大小写敏感可以由系统设置。plugin_library 是共享库的名字，共享库在 plugin的目录下，可能是静态或者动态库，比如：libmyplugin.so or libmyplugin.dylib<span id="more-244"></span></p>
<p>　　共享库必须放在plugin目录下，目录是由plugin_dir系统变量中定义的，默认这个目录是由配置变量中的pkglibdir定义的，可以在服务器启动时候改变，比如可以在my.cnf中设置：</p>
<p>　　[mysqld]<br /> 　　plugin_dir=/path/to/plugin/directory</p>
<p>　　如果设置相对目录，目录是相对mysql base的系统变量。</p>
<p>　　INSTALL PLUGIN在mysql.plugin表中增加一行相关记录。同时INSTALL PLUGIN 会加载并初始化plugin。</p>
<p>　　(To use INSTALL PLUGIN, you must have the INSERT privilege for the mysql.plugin table. )</p>
<p>　　在服务器启动的时候，服务器会加载所有plugin中的 plugin，也就是仅仅需要运行一次 INSTALL PLUGIN ，如果启动时候&#8211;skip-grant-tables ，则不会加载plugin。</p>
<p>　　服务器关闭的时候，会关闭plugin.</p>
<p>　　2、卸载plugin</p>
<p>　　语法如下：UNINSTALL PLUGIN plugin_name;</p>
<p>　　实例：Mysql&gt;UNINSTALL PLUGIN&nbsp; InnoDB;</p>
<p>　　plugin_name 是在plugin声明中定义的plugin的名称，plugin名字大小写敏感可以由系统设置。</p>
<p>　　3、显示已安装plugin</p>
<p>　　SHOW PLUGIN 可以看到所有的安装的plugin</p>
<p>　　实例：Mysql&gt;SHOW PLUGIN;</p>
<p>　　4、重新加载新的plugin共享库</p>
<p>　　如果重新编译了plugin共享库，可以选择以下两种方法之一：</p>
<p>　　A、卸载后重新安装</p>
<p>　　B、关闭服务器，覆盖文件，重新启动。</p>
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